Cytotoxic, DNA Cleavage and Pharmacokinetic Parameter Study of Substituted Novel Furan C-2 Quinoline Coupled 1, 2, 4-Triazole and Its Analogs

Background: Furan, quinoline and triazoles are known for their wide spectrum biologically active molecules. A series of novel furan C-2 quinoline and 1, 2, 4-triazole (FQT) coupled hybrids were designed and synthesized to evaluate for their DNA cleavage and cytotoxic studies. Objectives: In this work we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of furan C-2 quinoline coupled triazoles exposed for cytotoxic and DNA cleavage study. Methods: The electrophoretic DNA cleavage studies on λ-DNA (Eco-RI/Hinda-III double digest) using agarose gelelectrophoresis and the cytotoxic activity were carried out by MTT assay method. Results: The results revealed that, the molecules 7(a-o) did cleave the DNA completely with no trace of fragments at 100 µg concentration, on the other hand, cytotoxic assay was achieved by two different human cancer cell lines (melanoma cell line-A375 and breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231). Among the synthesized compounds 7a, 7b, 7c and 7k exhibited potent cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.9, 4.0, 7.8 and 5.1 µg/ml against A375 and 6.2, 9.5, 11.3 and 7.3 µg/ml against, MDA-MB 231, respectively. Conclusion: In synthesized compounds 7(a-o) exhibited complete DNA cleavage at 100 µg/ml and the compounds 7a, 7b, 7c and 7k showed very less cytotoxic in nature. The structure activity relationship revealed that, the presence of halogen group/atoms at para position of phenyl ring remarkably enhanced the DNA cleavage and cytotoxic activities among the synthesized compounds.


INTRODUCTION
Cancer is the primary cause of human death worldwide [1]. Among all types of cancer, lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate cancer are the underlying causes for the majority of cancer death. Numerous anticancer agents In our search for new classes of potential anticancer agents we designed furan C-2 coupled quinoline derivative with 1,2,4-triazole nucleus and in continiuation of our research work on quinoline coupled oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles [18 -20], we would like to report herein a facile and inexpensive procedure for the preparation of novel hybrid molecules 6-chloro-2-(furan-2-yl)-4-(5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) quinoline derivatives under mild conditions, and screened for in vitro anticancer, DNA cleavage and pharmacokinetic properties. We felt that there is a real need for the synthesis of new prototypes of compounds by the combin furan, quinoline and triazole moiety, which might end up as a potent analogs in the anticancer treatment.

Materials and Methods
Chemicals used in the synthesis of compounds were purchased from Alfa Aesar, India and Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd. India. The solvents were of analytical grade. Melting points (M. Pt.) of the synthesized compounds were determined with the help of digital Raga digital melting point apparatus, Bengaluru, India and are uncorrected; Infrared data were recorded on a Bruker spectrophotometer using KBr pellets. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AVANCE II 400 and 100 MHz instruments using DMSO-d6/CDCl 3 as a solvent and TMS as an internal standard; chemical shifts are expressed as δ values (ppm). The J values are expressed in Hertz (Hz). Mass spectra (MS) were recorded in JEOL GCMATE II LC-Mass spectrometer using electron impact ionization (EI) technique. Analytical thinlayer chromatography (TLC) was performed on precoated TLC sheets of silica gel 60 F254 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), visualized by long and short wavelength UV lamps (356 and 254 nm). Chromatographic purifications were performed on silica gel (100-200 mesh, Merck, Germany).

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Chloro 2-(1-Furan-2-yl) Quinoline-4-Carboxylic acid (3)
The compound (3) was synthesized by literature method [21] with slight modification. After completion, the reaction mixture was kept in an ice bath until solid mass of sodium salt of cinchonic acid is obtained. The obtained solid mass was filtered, further dissolved in water and acidified with acetic acid to get compound (3). The synthesized compound was purified by recrystalization using ethyl acetate as solvent. M. pt. 285-287 o C.

Procedure for the Synthesis of Chloro Methyl 2-(1-Furan-2-yl) Quinolone-4-Carboxylates (4)
Analog of 2-(1-furan-2-yl) quinoline-4-carboxylic acid was dissolved in sufficient quantities of methanol with catalytic amount of Conc. H 2 SO 4 and kept for reflux on water for about 10-12 hrs. The reaction progress is checked by TLC. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured onto the crushed ice to obtain solid mass which was filtered, washed with water, dried and recrystallized from petroleum ether (60-80).

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Chloro 2-(Furan-2-yl) Quinoline-4 Carbohydrazide (5)
The mixture of methyl 2-(1-furan-2-yl) quinoline-4-carboxylate (0.5 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol) was taken into 30 ml of dry ethanol in a 50 ml round bottom flask and refluxed for 8-10 hrs. After completion of the reaction the resulting white solid mass was filtered off in hot condition and washed with cold ethanol followed by water to remove unreacted hydrazine hydrate to obtain compound in pure form.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Substituted 2-(Furan-2-yl)-4-(5-Phenyl-4H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl) Quinoline 7(a-o)
The solution of 2-(furan-2-yl) quinoline-4 carbohydrazide (0.0038 mol) in acetic acid and add a equimolar amount of ammonium acetate was added followed by the addition of substituted aldehyde (0.0038 mol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 to 3 hrs at room temperature. The solution was then neutralized with liq. ammonia and the product obtained was filtered, washed with water and recrystalized from ethanol to yield the pure products.

ADME-toxicity Prediction
The molecular descriptors of synthesized compounds 7(a-o) are predicted by pharmacokinetic parameters like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity. The ADMET/SAR [22] helps to evaluate biologically active molecules and eliminate biologically poor molecules, active lead molecules which contain undesirable functional groups based on Lipinski rule. The statistical calculation for lead molecules includes surface area, geometry and fingerprint properties which help to understand biologically important end points. Aqueous Solubility (PlogS), Blood Brain Barrier Penetration (QlogBB), intestinal absorption (logHIA) [23] and hepatotoxicity, Caco-2 cell permeability (QPPCaco) also help to predict the toxicity of lead molecules with intraperitoneal, oral, intravenous and subcutaneous toxic effects. The in-silico study enables to decide the safety and efficacy of active molecules take up the molecule for in depth studies.

DNA Cleavage Study
The degree of DNA cleavage by the compounds was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis method [24]. Agarose 0.25 gm was weighed and dissolved in 25 ml of tris acetate (TAE) buffer (50 mM, pH 8.0) and gel cassette was placed in the electrophoresis chamber inundated with TAE buffer. To this was loaded 20 µl of DNA sample along with bromophenol blue dye in 1:1 ratio with standard DNA marker. CT DNA was treated with analogs (40 µM, 2µl) followed by the dilution the buffer to a total volume of 20 µl. The samples after incubation at 37 o C were loaded onto the wells.
Electrophoretic mobility was achieved by supplying 50 V of electricity for about 45 min. in TAE buffer. The gel along with platform was stained with 100 ml ethidium bromide (10 µg/ml) in sterile distilled water. Ethidium bromide binds to double stranded DNA by intercalation, because of steric hindrance for intercalation in covalently closed circular DNAs; it binds less than linear and open circles. After about 10-15 min. the platform and the gel were rinsed with distilled water and gel was gently placed onto the UV transilluminator. The DNA bands appeared on the gel determined the cleavage by the entitled molecules tested.

Cell Lines and Cell Culture
The human melanoma cell line, A375 and human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 were purchased from the National Centre For Cell Science (NCCS Pune, India), cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mmol/l glutamine, 1% antibiotics solution (100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 mg/ml streptomycin). Cells were grown in 25 cm 2 tissue culture flasks and maintained at 37 o C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO 2 . All the consumables and plastic-wares were procured from Himedia, India.

MTT Cell Viability Assay [18]
When the density reaches approximately 70% confluency the cells culture was trypsinized and 100 µl cell suspension (a density of 5000 cells/well) was added into 96-well plates and allowed to adhere overnight. Next day, the drugs were dissolved in DMSO and the final stock concentration of 1mg/ml was prepared in DMEM (final DMSO concentration was < 1%). A serial dilution of drugs, ranging from 320 μg/ml to 1.25 μg/ml, was prepared in DMEM, and cells were treated in triplicates. Untreated cells represented a control group. After 72 hrs of incubation, media was aspirated, 100 µl MTT (1 mg/ml) was added to each well and plate was incubated at 37 o C for 4 hrs. After incubation, the media/MTT solution was aspirated and 100 μl DMSO was added to all the wells. Using multi-mode micro plate reader, a uniform shaking (300 rpm for 5 min) was applied to dissolve Formosan crystals and the absorbance was recorded at 570 nm. Cell viability was calculated using the following equation: (test-sample OD-blank control OD)/(untreated control OD-blank control OD) × 100%. A non-linear regression graph was plotted between cell survival (%) and log 10 drug concentration and the 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined using Graph Pad Prism software.
Formation of product was further established by 1 H NMR spectrum, here we can easily characterize the molecule by peak observed at 12.31 ppm (-NH). Furan, quinoline and phenyl protons resonated between the ranges of 8.21-7.23 ppm. Disappearance of NH 2 proton of 7a in proton NMR proved the ring closer by the formation of 1,2,4 triazole ring from 6a.
This was further substantiated by the 13 C NMR data of 7a, exhibited signals at 162.1 and 152.2 ppm due to the C 2 and C 5 carbons of triazole. The aromatic carbons resonated signals in between 149.3-112.2 ppm which are in agreement with the expected values. Mass spectrum of 7a displayed molecular ion peak at m/z 375.20 (M+2) g/mol, confirming its molecular weight. Rest of the compounds gave satisfactory spectroscopic data, which has been in accordance with their assigned structures.

In Silico ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) Profile
The pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the compounds with poor bioavailability show less effectiveness against disease. To overcome this problem, predicting bioavailability properties will be of great advantage for drug development. Hence, using computer based methods like ADMET and SAR tools the molecular descriptors and drug likeliness properties were studied. The toxicity of the substituted 2-(furan-2-yl)-4-(5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) quinoline was predicted based on lethal dosage and functional ranges in different tissues. The mouse LD 50 and probability of health effects were predicted using ACD / I-Lab 2.0 (guest). LD 50 of potential compounds detect the cumulative potential of acute toxicity administered through oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous routes on mouse models. The analysis with test compounds on oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous is lower when compared to reference molecule. The toxicity results suggest that the compounds 7a-o have less toxic effect in internal tissue and with no side effect ( Table 1) The interpretation of tested compounds 7a-o was in acceptable range and hence, they can be used to make an oral formulation for absorption. The intestinal absorption (log HIA ) and Caco-2 cell permeability (PCaco-2) are within the range of -2 poor absorption and +2 more absorption show that the compounds are more permeable in intestine and help in for transporting good drug metabolic compounds.    Fig. (1). Photograph showing DNA cleavage on agarose gel electrophoresis by the derivatives of the synthesized compounds.   The reference range of -5 (poor) to +1 (good) and substrate inhibitor from 0 to 1 in which the reference and test compounds 7a-o show good activity with human intestinal absorption and metabolism. The aqueous solubility of compounds lies in the range of 0 (poor) to 2 (good) showing that all the molecules had good solubility. While the reference compound as well as test compounds came within acceptable range ( Table 2).

DNA Cleavage Study
DNA has been the drug target for drug as it regulates many biochemical reactions occuring in the cellular system. Literature studies revealed that the clinical efficacies of many drugs correlate with their ability to induce enzyme mediated DNA cleavage. The loci present in the DNA are involved in various regulatory processes, such as gene expression, gene transcription, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis [25] etc. In particular, designing of the compound having the ability to cleave DNA is utmost important not only from the primary biological point of view but also in terms of photodynamic therapeutic approach to develop potent drugs [26]. The compounds which were found to be active in CT-DNA cleavage were screened for their antiproliferative study. The DNA cleavage of furan quinoline triazole hybrids were studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method. The cleavage potential of the tested compounds were examined by comparing the bands appeared in control and test compounds at 100 µg concentration. The photograph (Fig. 1) clearly demonstrates that compounds 7(a-o) did cleave the DNA completely, as no traces of DNA fragments were found. However, the ability of reactive intermediates involved in the DNA cleavage by the compounds has not been cleared. Control experiment does not reveal any significant cleavage of DNA even after prolong exposure of substrate.

In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity
The oxygen and nitrogen coupled heterocyclic compounds, prepared in this study, were evaluated according to ( standard protocols for their in vitro anticancer activity against two human cancer cell lines including cells derived from melanoma cell line, A375 and breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 [23]. All the IC 50 values in micro gram/mililiter (µg/ml) are listed in Table 3 and Fig. (2). For comparison cisplatin was used as a standard cytotoxic drug, that showed the IC 50 values of 1.3 and 5.1 µg/ml against melanoma cell line and breast cancer cell line, respectively. Four of the tested compounds: 7a (A375) 7b-c (MDA-MB-231) and 7k exhibited good cytotoxic effects with IC 50 values of 2.9, 4.0, 7.8 and 5.1 µg/ml against A375; and 6.2, 9.5, 11.3 and 7.3 µg/ml against, MDA-MB 231, respectively. While rest of the compounds exhibited moderate to less cytotoxic against the cancer cell lines studied. The results revealed that, 7a, 7b, 7c and 7k can be taken up for future investigation as these molecules can be taken up as possible hits. Fig. (2). Cell cytotoxic effect of compounds. Log dose response curves were generated in Graph Pad Prism7. The doses of compound (x-axis) were log transformed and then a non-linear curve was fitted to the data using the 'log (agonist) versus normalized response with variable slope' algorithm. Data represent the mean ± standard deviations of three repeats.

Structural Activity Relationship Study
There are few key features regarding structural requirements for these FQT hybrids 7(a-o) to exert their anticancer activity. Our initial strategy was to identify the key sub unit required for activity such as, furan (antibiotic properties of drugs), quinoline (nitrogen heterocycles -Anti cancer agents) and 1,2,4 triazole (active pharmacophore, which allows its derivatives to readily interact with diversity of enzymes and receptors in organisms). Further essential substituents like, [-N (C 2 H 5 ) 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 3 and -NH 2 (electron donating), -OCH 3 (electron releasing), -F, -Cl (halogen) and -NO 2 , -OH,(electron withdrawing)] groups were varied at ortho, meta and para-position of the phenyl ring to acquire the optimum results.