According to the American Academy of Dermatology, a scar appears as a natural step to repair wounded skin, and excessive scars result in social, emotional, and psychological effects [1]. Scar management costs in the US amount to $20 billion annually [2, 3]. Yearly, 250 million surgeries around the world cause scars-hypertrophic, keloid [4], and atrophic scarring as well as stretch marks (striae). Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) form from excessive collagen tissue and often regress spontaneously [5]. but they can continue to grow with an influx of fibroblast-derived proteins and collagen due to persistent inflammation and fibrosis [6]. Post-operative scarring is a reality in THR and TKR patients. These scars are cosmetically unappealing, and as the areas lack hair follicles and sweat glands, excessive scarring can even induce itching and pain. Scars develop even at the hands of skillful, experienced surgeons.

The current management of excessive scarring is empirical, unreliable, and capricious, with no established drug to prevent over-scarring. Bleomycin [7-10] is believed to inhibit collagen synthesis by influencing decreased stimulation via transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-b1). Silicone is another agent that can decrease synthesis [11, 12]; silicone-based treatments have been reported to give better results over the last decade, but their operation mechanism is unclear. It has been suggested that silicone affects fibroblast activity via keratinocyte-mediated epidermal-dermal signaling pathways, decreasing volume while increasing elasticity in HTSs [13, 14]. In a randomized study, Kong et al. (2014) [15] found that silicone gel after TKR did not improve or inhibit pain and itching in the early postoperative period. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants have been utilized to cure many diseases, and plants are the primary source of over 25% of medicines [16]. Recently, the use of medicinal plants in the management of HTSs has been studied and found to be highly effective [17-22]. JASC^TM is an optimum combination of silicone and phytochemicals effective in anti-scar therapy, but it has not stood the test of a clinical trial. This trial was done to determine the potency of JASC in individuals undergoing joint arthroplasty.

Our study was an open-label, prospective, randomized control trial study carried out at King Fahd Hospital at a university in Al-Khobar, in which we tested the efficacy of JASC as an ultra-advanced formula (registered by AYUSH vide T 1826/Ayush/0051/2021/P/ Government of Telangana, India) with Phyto extracts (Centella asiatica extract, Curcuma longa, lavender oil, marshmallow, Musa paradisiaca, pineapple extract, and tea tree oil) and silicone gel. The study was intended to measure the reduction of surgical scars after TKA and THR and to compare results with those of patients who had standard wound and scar care, which included a timely review of the wound, appropriate cleansing and dressing, and early recognition and active treatment of wound complications. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, and the trial was registered with the Sri Lankan Trial Registry vide #2022/021. Participants gave informed written consent to participate and for their anonymized information, data, and clinical pictures to be published and presented. The inclusion criteria included all patients who signed the consent and were undergoing TKA and THR for primary osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH); those who suffered from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, neurovascular diseases, or any other immunological diseases were excluded from the study. Alternate patients were assigned to the study and control groups. After the procedures, wounds were closed in layers.

The subcutaneous layer was closed using 2/0 vicryl and skin with Covidiean Appose Single-Use Skin Stapler (Minneapolis, MN, United States). The staples were removed after 2 weeks, once the wounds had healed. All patients had a standard dressing and a knee brace after TKR. Twenty-four hours after surgery, patients began full weight-bearing walking with a walker and working on active assisted ROM exercises. Skin staples were routinely removed on day 14 after surgeries, and Primapore dressing was applied. Clinical photographs were taken before and after the study period using the same camera and filters; JASC was applied twice a day for 12 weeks. Patients were seen at 6 weeks and 12 weeks (earlier if needed). On follow-up at 6 and 12 weeks, scars were assessed by two independent surgeons (a specialist and a consultant who were not part of the study) using the VAS and VSS [23]. Side effects were monitored throughout the trial. At each scheduled visit, an independent surgeon who was not part of the research team conducted a safety assessment. If a patient decided to discontinue, the reasons for discontinuation were recorded.

Fig. (1) shows the Consort reporting of Trials.

Forty patients were included in the study, but we lost two patients from the control group during follow-up. There were no adverse or untoward effects due to the use of the study cream. The groups were matched in age, sex, and type of surgery. The average age was 57.85±12.9 years in the study group and 56.3±11.2 years in the standard treatment group. The demographic data and the VAS and VSS evaluations are given in Table 1. At baseline, there was no difference between the parameters assessed; at 3 months, there were significant differences between the two groups’ VAS scores P<0.0001). VSS parameters such as vascularity, pigmentation, pliability, and scar height were much lower compared to patients in the control group (P<0.0001). (Figs. 1 and 2) describe patients who received JASC, while (Fig. 3) describes the control group, which received standard treatment.

Fig. (1). The Consort reporting of trial of JUMI.

Fig. (2). Clinical Picture 14 days after surgery with removal of clips and after 2 months of using JASC.

Fig. (3). Patient with hip arthroplasty: Red Arrows point to the fresh scar treated with JASC and the Black Arrows point to the old scar 3 years ago.

Fig. (4). Picture of a patient who underwent Total knee arthroplasty 14 months ago who had standard skin care post surgery.

Using JASC on postoperative scars showed colossal suppression of excessive scar formation; in some patients, scars were invisible after 60 days of use. All the parameters tested by the VAS and VSS were reduced significantly, becoming inconspicuous compared to the baseline and the patients who did not use JASC. In patients with standard postoperative treatment, the scars were highly visible, with prominent height and enhanced pigmentation.

Hypertrophic and abnormal scars cause immense discontentment as well as psychological and emotional difficulties, particularly if scars occur on a visible body surface. Patients have long sought medical help to reduce scar tissue, and hundreds of treatments have been tried with little success. Even with robust development and clinical research, many therapeutic approaches remain unsatisfactory. According to a recent extensive review by Khansa et al. (2016) [24], over 3835 pediatric and adult patients with all types of scars in 58 studies used 25 types of medications, with a few studies using treatments in combination but without satisfactory control of scar hypertrophy. One of the substances that did have some effect was a silicone-based treatment. It is suggested that silicone-based products affect fibroblast activity via keratinocyte-mediated epidermal-dermal signaling pathways, decreasing volume and increasing elasticity in HTSs [12-14].

The current belief is that a single agent may not be enough to reduce the size of a scar. Pressure therapy (PT) and silicone therapy are recommended as first-line noninvasive treatments for HTSs, but the effectiveness of this combination is not universally satisfactory, nor has its efficacy been confirmed through a randomized clinical trial.

Phytochemicals from medicinal plants have been utilized for the cure of many diseases, and plants are the primary source of over 25% of medicines [16]. Recently, the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of HTSs has been studied and found to be highly effective [18, 25, 26]. Phytochemicals have good anti-scar efficacy with no or few side effects in comparison to some chemical drugs, which can be effective but with side effects that outweigh the benefits. Phytochemicals such as asiaticoside [27], genistein [22], oleanolic acid, [28,] and resveratrol [29] are quite effective as anti-scar agents, with fewer side effects. Centella asiatica extract, an important phytochemical used in JASC, contains bioactive constituents such as triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenic steroids, and amino acids that improve skin health by increasing hydration and decreasing transepidermal water loss with anti-inflammatory effects. These actions keep scars healthy and restrict hypertrophy [30-32]. On the other hand, Musa paradisiaca is a strong antioxidant and affects various stages of wound healing. It influences wound contraction, increases wound-breaking strength and reduces the scar area, and has a good safety profile [33].

JASC is an optimum combination of silicone and seven other phytochemicals, which has now been tested in a randomized clinical study and has shown to be very efficacious and devoid of adverse reactions.

This study has limitations, as we studied only postoperative scars, and the follow-up period was only 3 months. There was no blinding of the investigators; more significance was given to the comparative clinical pictures. We did compare the study group with a group that received standard treatment, which could be accepted as a control group.

In conclusion, our study demonstrated that JASC was effective and successful in suppressing excessive postoperative scar formation and preventing unsightly over-scarring of surgical wounds. We believe scar prevention is preferable to managing an undesirable scar later, requiring immense cost, suffering, and psychological repercussions. As the literature suggests, no currently available scar therapy is globally successful, but we have reasons to believe that JASC has the potential as a prime anti-scar therapy.